Excerpts I

So far I only got these.

I had a hard time finding more "books" instead of Internet information.

Seriously, if I'm not able to make out the way of carrying out the project, I'm thinking that maybe I should change my topic.

I'll show you what I've got lately anyway.

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Gutman, Ron. THE UNTAPPED POWERS OF THE SMILE. September, 7, 2013, from http://blog.healthtap.com/2011/05/the-untapped-power-of-smiling/

-I started my exploratory journey in California, with an intriguing UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study that examined the smiles of students in an old yearbook, and measured their well-being and success throughout their lives. By measuring the smiles in the photographs the researchers were able to predict: how fulfilling and long lasting their marriages would be, how highly they would score on standardized tests of well-being and general happiness, and how inspiring they would be to others. The widest smilers consistently ranked highest in all of the above.

-Even more surprising was a 2010 Wayne State University research project that examined the baseball cards photos of Major League players in 1952. The study found that the span of a player’s smile could actually predict the span of his life! Players who didn’t smile in their pictures lived an average of only 72.9 years, while players with beaming smiles lived an average of 79.9 years.

-Smiling is not just a universal means of communicating, it’s also a frequent one. More than 30% of us smile more than 20 times a day and less than 14% of us smile less than 5 times a day. In fact, those with the greatest superpowers are actually children, who smile as many as 400 times per day!

-Have you ever wondered why being around children who smile frequently makes you smile more often? Twostudies from 2002 and 2011 at Uppsala University in Sweden confirmed that other people’s smiles actually suppress the control we usually have over our facial muscles, compelling us to smile. They also showed that it’s very difficult to frown when looking at someone who smiles.

Why? Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious and we have a subconscious innate drive to smile when we see one. This occurs even among strangers when we have no intention to connect or affiliate with the other person. Mimicking a smile and experiencing it physically helps us interpret how genuine a smile is, so that we can understand the real emotional state of the smiler.

-So now we know that:

When you smile, you look good and feel good

When others see you smile, they smile too

When others smile, they look good and feel good too

Perhaps this is why Mother Teresa said: “I will never understand all the good that a simple smile can accomplish.” What’s the catch? Only that the smile you give has to be big, and genuine!

Jaffe, Eric(2010). The Psychological Study of Smiling. Observer, Vol. 23, No. 10 December, 2010. September, 8, 2013, from http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2010/december-10/the-psychological-study-of-smiling.html

-Other muscles can simulate a smile, but only the peculiar tango of the zygomatic major and the orbicularis oculi produces a genuine expression of positive emotion. Psychologists call this the “Duchenne smile,” and most consider it the sole indicator of true enjoyment. The name is a nod to French anatomist Guillaume Duchenne, who studied emotional expression by stimulating various facial muscles with electrical currents. (The technique hurt so much, it’s been said, that Duchenne performed some of his tests on the severed heads of executed criminals.) In his 1862 book Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine, Duchenne wrote that the zygomatic major can be willed into action, but that only the “sweet emotions of the soul” force the orbicularis oculi to contract. “Its inertia, in smiling,” Duchenne wrote, “unmasks a false friend.”

-Psychological scientists no longer study beheaded rogues — just graduate students, mainly — but they have advanced our understanding of smiles since Duchenne’s discoveries. We now know that genuine smiles may indeed reflect a “sweet soul.” The intensity of a true grin can predict marital happiness, personal well-being, and even longevity. We know that some smiles — Duchenne’s false friends — do not reflect enjoyment at all, but rather a wide range of emotions, including embarrassment, deceit, and grief. We know that variables (age, gender, culture, and social setting, among them) influence the frequency and character of a grin, and what purpose smiles play in the broader scheme of existence. In short, scientists have learned that one of humanity’s simplest expressions is beautifully complex.

天天心理學(2011)。【微笑真能挣钱？？】。2013年9月7日，取自http://qing.blog.sina.com.cn/tj/6e576b2b330001jt.html

-你微笑，世界就对你微笑（至少是半个世界:p）

       生命中能体会到一种简单的社会化快乐，有时候我们不会注意但已然成为一种自发反应，即我们对别人笑，对方会报以同样的笑容。

      不过也许你注意到，并非每个人都会还（音：huan ）你一个微笑。 Hinszand Tomhave(1991) 想知道有多少人会对他人投送过来的微笑给予微笑的反应。结果显示约50%的人会给我们（同样的）微笑作为回报。相比之下，几乎没有人对那些面露不悦之色的人给予类似反应。

        如果以上研究结果都没法让你笑逐颜开，那来看这个理由吧：常微笑的人会活得更长！1952年一项研究中，研究者对当时的棒球运动员进行拍照，笑着的球员比那些板着脸的要多活7年。

      这个让你微笑的理由该足够了吧！

陈世旭(2012)。学习心理学系列课程--陌生人，他们需要你的微笑。華夏心理。2013年9月7日，取自http://www.psychcn.com/psylife/201208/150063193.shtml

-在报上看到，某大学一项研究结果表明，即使被陌生人忽视也会使人受到伤害。那项研究的过程是这样的：研究人员随机对散步的路人进行测试--对部分人微笑并作出眼神接触，对另一部分人故意忽视，而后，再由另一位研究人员前去询问被忽视和被关注的人。结果发现，看到对方微笑的人表示有种被关注感，而被忽视的人明显感到沮丧。这说明，即使是陌生人不理睬，甚至完全忽视一个人的存在，那个人一定会受到负面情绪的影响。这项研究的负责人在研究报告中说：这个实验的有趣之处在于进一步证实了人类社会关系的强大力量。

逆旅(2012)。微笑果然是共通的語言。PanSci 泛科學網。2013年9月7日，取自http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/KBlogArticle.aspx?id=1378

-達爾文認為全人類的共同祖先使用同一套表情語言，就像遺傳的一部分；微笑和皺眉源自生物性，而非文化。